This article is devoted to the history of the Mongols in the period after the fall of the Yuan Empire. The Yuan Empire fell into decline due to a systemic crisis, epidemics, and the beginning of the Little Ice Age. The Mongols were expelled from Northern China in 1368. Separate Mongolian enclaves in Yunnan and Liaodong existed until the 70-ies and 80-ies of 14th century Already Togon-Temir founded the Northern Yuan dynasty. Genghisids dominated the Mongolian steppes until the beginning of the 14th century. In the first half of the XV century. the initiative was intercepted by the leaders of the OiratsMahamu, Togon and Esen. Esen in the middle of the 15th century. defeated his Eastern Mongolian rival Arugtai in 1438 and was the de facto ruler of all the Mongolian steppes in the 30-50-ies of 15th century Esen's attempt to proclaim himself khan met with resistance from both the eastern Mongols and the Oirats. The death of Esen in 1455 led to the decline of the influence of the DurbenOirat confederation. Period 50-70s. 15th century was a period of severe crisis in Mongolia. For several years there was no khan at all. Dayan Khan comes to power with the help of Mandulay Khatun in the 80-ies of 15th century. He unites the Eastern Mongols. TaishiIburay, Mandulay and Burhai resisted him. Dayan Khan, having united the steppe and driving his opponents to Kukunor, launched an offensive against the Ming Empire and achieved greater success than Esen. After the death of Dayan Khan BodiAlaga, Mongolia actually turns six khoshuns into a confederation. In the second half of the XVI century. this confederation was headed by Altan Khan and Tumen Dzasaktu Khan. After the death of Tumen-Zasaktu in 1592, the Chakhar Khanate lost its supremacy among the Mongols under BuyanSetsen-Khan. Ligden-Khan returned leadership to the Chahar Khanate. The latter raided China and received tribute from the Ming Empire. He had to face the expansion of the Manchus and he held it back until 1634. The southern Mongols were incorporated into the Qing Empire in 1636. After the death of Ligden Khan, leadership in the Mongol world was shared between the KhotogoytAltyn Khans and the OiratJungarKhuntaiji. This rivalry was decided in favor of the Oirats in 1667, who defeated Lubsan-taishi. The Khalkha-Mongols were divided into the possessions of the Setsen-Khans, Tushetu-Khans and Dzasaktu-Khans in the 80-ies of 17th centur. The OiratKhuntaiji hampered the Khalkha Mongols, which forced the latter to accept the recognition of Manchu suzerainty at the Dolonnor kurultai. The Manchus significantly limited the rights of their vassals in the 20-30s of 18th century. Chingunzhab raised an uprising in Khalkha-Mongolia in 1758-1759, but it was suppressed by the Manchus. Khalkha-Mongolia became closely dependent on the Aisin Gioro dynasty after 1760. At the beginning of the twentieth century. The Mongols began the struggle for independence, which ended in success in 1911.