The culmination of the era of world imperialism in the last quarter of the 19th century clearly showed that it would soon find itself in crisis. This is evidenced by the development of cultural and social processes taking place at that time in the world. The growth of human and social consciousness, the emergence and development of humanistic thought and culture, as well as ideas based on it, influenced the political fate of many peoples and nations. The convergence of the views and ideas of peoples with a single culture and religion, languages and mentality, spirituality and nature has become the main guarantee of political and social integration and the development of mutual unity between them. One of them was the idea of the unity of the Turkic peoples, spirituality and culture that were one. The article examines the history of the socio-cultural unity of the Turkic peoples in the late XIX - early XX centuries and the formation of the Turkic ideology. The article examines the history of cultural and social processes that laid the foundation for the ideology called "Pan-Turkism" in world historiography.