This article examines the process of national-territorial delimitation in Central Asia carried out between 1924 and 1936 under the leadership of the Soviet authorities. The study aims to identify the main causes, mechanisms, and consequences of this process, which led to the formation of the current borders of Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan. The author analyzes how the ideas of socialist construction, the policy of indigenization, and the struggle against Pan-Islamist and Pan-Turkist movements influenced the administrative-territorial division of the region. Special attention is given to the contradictory nature of the delimitation: on the one hand, it contributed to the formation of national elites and institutions; on the other hand, it laid the groundwork for future interethnic and interstate conflicts. The article draws on archival documents, census data, and scholarly works from both the Soviet and post-Soviet periods. The conclusion emphasizes that the national-territorial delimitation was not only an administrative reform but also an important instrument of political transformation in the region, whose consequences are still felt in Central Asia today.