The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the historical and methodological aspects of the formation of the system of special and vocational education in the South Kazakhstan region during the period of 1917-1941. The purpose of the study is to identify the development features of the regional vocational and technical education system in the Soviet period, the organization of personnel training, as well as the evolution of the content and teaching methods. The research is based on the works of Kazakhstani and Russian scholars and materials from periodical publications. Based on the collected data, the article examines the dynamics of establishing factory training schools, agricultural schools, technical colleges, and short-term courses, the experience of organizing industrial training, and their correlation with the needs of the regional economy. The findings scientifically substantiate the role of the system of special and vocational education in South Kazakhstan in the socio-economic development of the region and the formation of national personnel, and also provide a theoretical basis for systematizing the history of regional education and improving modern educational policy. The study employs a комплекс approach using historical-comparative, systemic, source-based, and chronological methods.