The article analyzes the scholarly, pedagogical, and organizational-educational activities of Eldes Omarov, a prominent representative of the Kazakh intelligentsia of the early twentieth century, within the system of the People’s Commissariat of Education of the Kazakh ASSR during the Orenburg period (1920–1925). The study is based on archival materials from Fond No. R-81 of the People’s Commissariat of Education and Fond No. R-693 of the Society for the Study of the Kirghiz (Kazakh) Region housed in the Central State Archive of the Republic of Kazakhstan, as well as Fond A1565 of the State Archive of the Russian Federation. The article identifies the main directions of Omarov’s work in the fields of public education and science. Particular attention is paid to his participation in the Academic Center of the People’s Commissariat of Education, the Kirghiz (Kazakh) Scientific-Literary Council, the Kazakh Institute of Public Education, and the Society for the Study of the Kirghiz (Kazakh) Region. The use of these sources made it possible to reconstruct specific forms of Omarov’s involvement in key scientific and educational institutions and to trace his contribution to the development of textbooks, the formation of scientific terminology, the organization of teacher training, and the advancement of research activities in the Kazakh language. The findings уточify the role of the Kazakh intelligentsia in the institutionalization of science and the education system in Kazakhstan during the 1920s and introduce previously unused archival sources into scholarly circulation.