The article examines the problem of child homelessness that arose as a result of the famine of the 20-30s of the twentieth century. As a result of the policy of "war communism" introduced during the Civil War, famine occurred in 1921-1922. The famine had serious consequences. There has been a decrease in the population. The children saw the serious consequences of hunger. Children left unattended by adults roamed the streets, increasing the number of homeless children. This situation was repeated after the consequences of the collectivization policy pursued in the 30s of the twentieth century. The severe consequences of the famine manifested themselves in the complex changes in the ethnic composition of the Kazakh people. There has also been a sharp increase in the number of street children. In order to prevent child homelessness, many activities have been carried out at the State level. Orphanages were opened, and food centers began operating. However, the financial situation of the orphanage was very difficult. There was no heating system in the buildings. Problems such as lack of beds, lack of clothes, and lack of food were common to all orphanages. National figures assumed responsibility for resolving these issues. Such important issues as the prevention of child homelessness in the 20-30s of the twentieth century, state custody of them, and compensation for material needs were resolved through the intervention of national figures.