This article examines a little-studied issue in the history of children's and women's daily life in the Gulag camps during the first decade of the Gulag system's development in the USSR. Women and children were among the prisoners in the Karaganda Corrective Labor Camp, one of the first and largest agricultural camps. Archival materials are used to analyze the medical and sanitary care provided to women and children in the 1930s. The harsh conditions of imprisonment of the most vulnerable contingents (especially children), the low level of medical care, the shortage of medical personnel, drugs, etc. led to high mortality rates in Karlag. This article draws on archival documents from both foreign (Russian Federation) and domestic archives. These include primarily archival files (certificates, reports, memoranda from the Karlag administration, sanitary departments, and other office documentation) from the State Archives of the Russian Federation (GARF), Collection R-9414 – Main Directorate of Places of Detention (GUMZ) of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs (1930-1960). Additionally, archival materials from the Archive of the Office of the Committee for Legal Statistics and Special Records of the Prosecutor General's Office of the Republic of Kazakhstan for the Karaganda Region (Archive of the UKPSi SU GP RK for the Karaganda Region), Collection 16 – Karaganda Correctional Labor Camp (Karlag), were reviewed.