The article highlights the problems and directions of studying the history of child homelessness in Kazakhstan in the 1920s and 1930s. The topic is relevant in terms of determining the degree of study of the problem and unexplored aspects. Historiographical analysis shows that in domestic historical science there are many works devoted to the study of the history of child homelessness in the 1920s and 1930s. in the Soviet and post-Soviet periods. These works superficially reflect the emergence of street children during the famines of 1921–1923 and 1931–1933, their death from hunger, their flight to neighboring countries with their parents, their becoming victims of infectious diseases, their entry into the criminal world, and the struggle of the state and society against street children. In the Soviet Union, for decades, the history of child homelessness was not the subject of special study, based on the artificial conclusion that “homelessness has been eliminated in the country and such a social phenomenon no longer exists.” During the Soviet period in the 1920s and 1930s, the problem of child homelessness was discussed and the fight against it was put on the agenda. Priority attention was given to studying the problems of protecting mothers and children. Only in the years of independence did historians begin to pay attention to this issue. Over the years of independence, the number of studies has increased, and their source base has expanded. Domestic science has published studies on the impact of the socio-economic crisis, famine, and political repression in the country on the lives of children. There are also several works specifically devoted to the history of defenseless children. New scientific conclusions have been made based on new historical knowledge and methodological principles. Historians have focused on the concept of "homelessness" and have expressed an opinion on its revision. In foreign historiography, the issue was considered in the context of orphanages in the USSR. Only in recent years have studies been prepared showing the impact of famine and political repression on the fate of children. Uzbek and Kyrgyz historians have studied the flight of Kazakh children to these countries and the plight of starving refugees within the framework of Kazakh-Kyrgyz and Kazakh-Uzbek relations. The historiography of the history of child homelessness in Kazakhstan in the 1920s and 1930s has not yet received due scientific analysis. The growing number of studies devoted to homeless children and the availability of sources indicate the need for a more in-depth and comprehensive study of this problem. It is important to study the position and activities of the national intelligentsia in the fight against homelessness, the fate of children who fled to neighboring countries, their tragedy during the years of political repression, crime among homeless children and the fight against it from the point of view of science and the demands of the time.