The modern geopolitical situation in the world is characterized by regional military conflicts that are acquiring an international scale. One of the countries with a high conflict potential is Sudan, whose history is closely linked to its neighbor Egypt. Despite the strong historical ties between the two countries, significant contradictions in political issues emerge in their current relations, which not only have local but also international significance, directly affecting security and stability in the Nile Valley and North Africa. Studying the history of the interactions between the two countries and Egypt's policy in the 19th century allows to analyze the main trends in the contemporary political situation in the region in the 21st century. It should be noted that the scope of research dedicated to the history of Egypt during the reign of the Muhammad Ali dynasty and its successors is quite broad. However, the issues related to Egypt's conquest of Sudan, the main directions of Egyptian rulers' policy in Sudan represent scientific challenges that require thorough examination and study. This article is based on research conducted by Western European, Arab, and Russian scholars, as well as archival materials. It examines the main reasons for Egypt's conquest of Sudan during the reign of Muhammad Ali and his successors, the socio-economic situation in Sudan during the establishment of Egyptian-Turkish rule, modernization processes carried out by Egyptian rulers, the influence of British colonial policy on Egyptian control in Sudan, and the issues surrounding the creation of the Anglo-Egyptian condominium.