The scientific article comprehensively examines the socio-economic situation and legal status of the peoples of the Caucasus who suffered as a result of voluntary migration and forced deportation carried out under the directives of the leadership of the Communist Party and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (hereinafter referred to as the USSR, the Soviet Union) in the 1930s–1950s. The study scientifically analyzes the hardships experienced by the peoples of the Caucasus region and substantiates the relevance of the topic. The research employed the fundamental principles and methods of historical science. Objectivity, completeness, systematization, and accuracy were ensured, and analytical and comparative research methods were applied. Additionally, periodization methods were used for describing and analyzing historical documents. The source base of the study includes statistical data, archival documents, and scientific works of the USSR from the 1930s–1950s. The methodological foundation of the research is a comparative analysis based on the principles of comprehensiveness, systematization, and objectivity, applied to study the impact of deportation on the socio-economic situation and civil rights of the affected peoples. The main goal of the research is to identify evolutionary changes in the socio-economic situation and legal status of the deported peoples of the Caucasus. This article serves as a guide for researchers conducting a scientific examination of the issue of deportation.