In this article, the modernization of Chinese society is characterized as a complex, dynamic and heterogeneous process. The authors identify and describe the stages of modernization of Chinese society. It also examined the positive and negative consequences of China's economic modernization and ways to resolve these consequences. The article also explores the social ideals of ancient Chinese culture “小康” - (middle-income society) and “和” - (harmony), which played an important role in the concept of modernization of modern Chinese society. The main content of the idea of a “human foundation” was revealed as an important guiding principle for the modernization of Chinese society. Three levels of understanding the philosophical idea of a “human basis” have been identified. Free personal development, improvement of moral, intellectual and physical qualities of people are considered as the main prerequisite for modernization and long-term development.