This article is devoted to studying the history of the Koshchi Union established in the Perovsk Uyezd during the 1920s of the 20^th century and the course of the socio-political changes and economic campaigns that took place in Kazakhstan. The authors analyze the goals and objectives of the Union’s focus on the work conducted under the auspices of the Union. The research argues that during the peak of the class struggle, the Union’s activities in the Perovsk Uyezd extended beyond the economic sphere into the cultural and educational spheres. The Koshchi Union was initially founded as an organization to protect the interests of the poor and landless laborers. However, it subsequently became a tool for implementing the Soviet power’s policies. The political and economic campaigns underway in the country were implemented with the direct participation of the Union. That is, it played a special role in implementing Soviet reforms as one of the essential institutions of socio-economic change in the region. To support peasants engaged in crop farming, a Mutual Aid Section for peasants was established under the Union. Furthermore, the issue of “women’s equality” and the struggle against customs, such as qalyng mal (bride price), polygyny and others. These customs were deemed as “domestic crimes” in the Soviet Union and were not overlooked by the Union. The work of the Union is analyzed using archival documents, and the organization’s role during the period of political instability and agrarian reorganization in the country is determined.