The Spanish Civil War was an ideological conflict between the Republicans, who defended the government of the Spanish Republic, and the Nationalists, led by General Franco, who sought to overthrow the left-wing regime. After the defeat of the Spanish Republic, many Republicans, mainly commanders of army units and international brigades, ordinary soldiers, and leaders of left-wing parties, emigrated to the Soviet Union. When the war between the USSR and Germany began, emigrants, including Spanish Republicans, who were in Moscow and the European part of the USSR, were evacuated to the East, and most of them ended up in Kazakhstan. The fate of the Spanish Republicans evacuated to Kazakhstan in 1941 has not yet been adequately covered in academic literature. Our research was based on documentary materials from the Kazakhstani branches of international organisations that provided assistance to political emigrants. In studying this issue, we were guided by the concept of the diversity and alternativeness of historical reality. In the first half of the 20th century, several possible scenarios for political development emerged in European countries. The fate of Spanish Republicans who emigrated to the USSR is considered in the context of this struggle. Regardless of whether the USSR's participation in the Spanish Civil War is viewed positively or negatively, the lives and fates of Spanish emigrants in the Soviet republics, including Kazakhstan, have become an integral part of the history of Spain and Kazakhstan.