The article presents a historical and economic analysis of the peculiarities of agricultural development in the Syrdarya region of the Turkestan region of the early XX century. An assessment of the degree of study of historiography on this topic is also given. There is reason to believe that this issue has been widely considered in Russian historiography over the past two decades. Monographs, textbooks and dissertations have been written on this topic. However, a number of aspects of the internal structure of the problem require careful consideration. In particular, we understand that the factors of adaptation and development of the local climate by immigrants from the European part of the Russian Empire require systematic attention. In this regard, our research work sought to pay special attention to the lifestyle of immigrants in the new natural and climatic environment. The work of the established government commissions on the effective development of agriculture in the region and the regulation of resettlement conditions for migrants was also analyzed. The tsarist administrative system followed the colonial principle in the policy of supporting the cultivation of agricultural species in the region. Railways, watermills and threshing machines were built for this purpose. From our point of view, one of the main urgent problems is the economic peculiarities of the ways of purchasing and selling agricultural products. This is due to the fact that it can be assumed that local dekhans suffered from a number of consequences due to the lack of these economic mechanisms.