The article is devoted to the folk knowledge of astronomy and beliefs of the Great steppe, particularly Kazakh people. The authors consider questions concerning the topic’s degree of knowledge, folk studies on astronomy and calendar of the steppe inhabitants. In this article were analyzed role and place of astronomy in everyday life of Kazakhs. Except scientific researches, in the article are used folk myths, legends, field materials and others. The authors also used method of comparative studies to reveal the titles of the heavenly bodies, folk knowledge and beliefs of the Turkic peoples. There is substantiated continuity of the folk knowledge and beliefs in Kazakh people culture.